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1990-02-06
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COLORS
COLORS COLORS:
COLORS
COLORS A brief essay
COLORS on
COLORS the use of color
COLORS in PC-Write screen displays . . .
COLORS
COLORS
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COLORS from --
COLORS
COLORS High Boskage House
COLORS
COLORS Software
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COLORS
COLORS
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COLORS
ABOUT SCREEN-DISPLAY OPTIONS IN PC-WRITE
PC-Write is a very powerful tool. Every tool represents a series of trade-
offs between power and simplicity, and PC-Write is no exception. The price
that must be paid for its power is an innate complexity--a need for the
user to be able to understand and profitably harness all those powers.
While no powerful tool can be without complexity, the better ones are
designed with that complexity systematized as well as can be, so as to make
learning and using it no more difficult than it inherently must be. Every
cue and clue that can ease the way for the user is important. Without a
good set of such cues and clues, the most powerful of tools can be nearly
valueless, for an inoperable tool is a useless tool, regardless of its
capabilities; a tractor beats a mule, but not if you don't know how to drive.
To move from the philosophically vague to the pragmatically specific, PC-
Write offers its user a substantial variety of ways to transform simple text
into printed characters on a page. Although some printers will be limited
in their abilities to make use of all of PC-Write's capabilities, most newer
ones can use most of the available options. In full, PC-Write offers users
some 20 different ways to output printed text; 18 of these are specifically
defined (although redefinable), and another two are user-definable.
The full panoply of available effects, with their nominal definitions, is:
∙ Boldface (significantly darker than normal type)
∙ Compressed type (pitch varies with printer, but usually circa 17 cpi)
∙ Double-width type (halves pitch of prevailing type)
∙ Elite (12 cpi, draft quality)
∙ "Fast" (10 cpi, pica draft quality)
∙ "Higher" (superscripts, as in algebraic equations)
∙ Italics
∙ "Lower" (subscripts, as in chemical formulae)
∙ "Marine Blue" (for printers that can do color printing)
∙ Overstrike (everything overstruck, usually with /, for legal usages)
∙ Pica, (10 cpi, "near-letter quality")
∙ "Quality" (12 cpi, elite "near-letter quality")
∙ Red (for printers that can do color printing)
∙ Second-Strike (slightly darker than normal type)
∙ Underlining (all characters, including spaces, underlined)
∙ "Variable" (proportionally spaced type--each character a different width)
∙ "W" [Double-U] (double underlining)
∙ "X" [user #1] (available for user definition)
∙ Yellow (for printers that can do color printing)
∙ "Z" [user #2] (available for user definition)
Considering that even the nominally specified effects can be redefined by
the user, that is quite an assortment of styles.
Specifying these effects within a document is extraordinarily simple. One
need only press a two-key combination--the Alt key and an ordinary letter
key--to toggle any one of these effects. And, as long as they are not
incompatible, any number of them can be made to be "on" simultaneously via
"nested" commands (Red and italics are compatible, but subscripting and
superscripting simultaneously is manifestly impossible). The Quicksoft
folks have even managed to make virtually all of the letter keys used
reasonably mnemonic for their effects (as the previous Table showed).
So far, so good. Now, however, comes the problem: keeping the user
(that's you) clearly informed as to what text is "scheduled" to be printed
in what form. If all your "enhancements" (anything in the Table above)
are invisible (to you) in your text, editing is almost as impossible as it
would be if the text itself were invisible. Manifestly, text affected by
an enhancement must be displayed on the screen in a way different from
"plain" or "normal" text. Moreover, the user would ideally like to know a
lot more than just "enhanced/not-enhanced" about her or his text,
especially when there are nearly two dozen possibilities to consider.
In the best of worlds, monitors would show text exactly as it would appear
on the printed page. A few dedicated word-processing machines have come
close to this ideal, but even the jazziest new video hardware cannot do
the trick for PCs. It is therefore necessary to use what amounts to a
symbolic information system to give the user as much information as
possible in a useful form--that is, without overwhelming him or her.
Monochrome monitors offer a limited but useful set of symbols. In
addition to "normal" text, they can show text as underlined, boldfaced,
boldfaced and underlined, or "reversed" (dark on light). Clearly, it is
essential to group all enhancements into no more than four categories, or
"families," for monochrome displays.
Color obviously offers far more possibilities. Although today's jazzy
hardware has lots of potential, one is best advised to stick with the old
CGA standard "palette" of colors. A video card that offers "256 colors"
is offering tints and hues that differ from one another in subtle degrees
of more interest to an artist than a word processor seeking visual cues.
Judging just by the color tables, a CGA-standard color system offers 16
foreground colors on 8 backgrounds, 128 different possible combinations.
But this is a simplistic calculation, and its results useless.
First of all, any color on itself is invisible. Second, the 16 foreground
colors are really 8 colors in two groups: "normal" and "intense." The
differences can be seen, of course, but few users can readily detect them
outside of a side-by-side, or "A-B" comparison mode. Blue on red versus
bright-blue on red is definitely not a wise way to distinguish different
enhancements.
These obvious considerations alone reduce the useful palette to 56
combinations (8 times 8, minus the 8 same-on-same pairs). Beyond this is
the fact that many nominally visible and distinguishable combinations are,
in practice, nearly unreadable. This latter point is, to some extent, a
judgement call, and in any event a matter for trial-and-error on-screen
examination, not color theory. At all odds, the useful palette is smaller
than 56 combinations.
One might initially reason that with only "normal" and a maximum of 22
enhancements to portray, the palette must surely suffice, even if a few
pairings are impractical. Well, yes and no. Yes, in that there are
assuredly well over 23 viable color combinations available. No (or at
least "Wh